•‘One of the two or three most complicated words in the English language’ •general process of intellectual, spiritual & aesthetic development of a particular society, at a particular time •a particular way of life •works of intellectual and especially artistic
significance
Marx's Concept of Base / Superstructure
Base forces of production - materials, tools, workers, skills, etc. relations of production - employer/employee, class, master/slave, etc Superstructure social institutions - legal, political, cultural
forms of consciousness - ideology *
Ideology 1. system of ideas or beliefs (eg beliefs of a political party) 2. masking, distortion, or selection of ideas, to reinforce power relations, through creation of 'false consciousness'.
Raymond Williams (1983) ‘Keywords’•4 definitions of ‘popular’ –Well liked by many people –Inferior kinds of work –Work deliberately setting out to win favour with the people
–Culture actually made by the people themselves
Inferior or Residual Culture
•Popular Press vs Quality Press •Popular Cinema vs Art Cinema •Popular Entertainment vs Art Culture
Caspar David Friedrich (1809)‘Monk by the Sea'
•Culture is
–‘the best that has been thought & said in the world’
–Study of perfection
–Attained through disinterested reading, writing thinking
–The pursuit of culture
–Seeks ‘to minister the diseased spirit of our time’
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